sâmbătă, 30 ianuarie 2021

Vlad-Tepes-Partea-3!

 1-1460-incheie o alianta cu Matei-Corvin!

2-Distruge o armata de 20-mii de Otomanii la Giurgiu declarand practic razboi!

3-Mahomed-2 in fruntea unei uriase armate porneste spre Valahia !

              1-120 mii oamenii.

             2-80 de vase .

             3-Aliante cu Tatarii !

4-Mahomed promitea distrugerea lui Vlad si cucerirea tuturor Tarilor-Romane plus Ungaria !

5-Vlad-Tepes primea promisiuni de ajutor din partea lui Matei-Corvin .

6-1462-Otomanii intra in Valahia !

7-Porneste un razboi de gherile si parjolire a pamantului!

8-Vlad-Tepes ataca liniile de aprovizionare a Otomaniilor !lucru foarte intelept !

9-Pune ordine in nobilime -era necesara !

10-Atrage si mai mult atentia Sultanului!-era clar ca pentru a infrange un asa lider-Sultanul trebuia sa faca ceva deosebit !




Aemilianus-Partea-2!

 1-Acest articol este copiat !

2-Istoria ramane pasiunea mea nr-1!


“Aemilianus came from an extremely insignificant family, his reign was even more insignificant, and he was slain in the third month.”
Rome’s new emperor, Aemilianus, was either a Moor or a Libyan, born in Rome’s north Africa provinces at Girba (modern Djerba, and island off the coast of Tunisia). As with Septimius Severus before him, the Senate was less impressed with his lineage than the fact he was African, deeming that he was no Roman. His military accomplishment had been the destruction of the Gothic army under King Cniva that had destroyed the legions of Emperor Decius after they crossed the Danube. Aemilianus was already envious of the incumbent Emperor Gallus when he assumed command of the legions in Moesia, and the emperor’s failure to deal with the Gothic invasion of Asia Minor and Sassanid encroachments into Roman Persia left him in a strong position to usurp the purple.
Aemilianus left Moesia unguarded for his march down the Flaminian Way to Rome, and after the death of Gallus he was declared emperor by the Senate after a short spell of opposition in June 253 AD. He wrote to the Senate promising to relinquish his power to them, to act as their tool in leading a Roman response to the incursions into Thrace and Roman Persia. The Senate bestowed titled on him, and he issued coinage focussing on his military accomplishments, having defeated the rampaging Gothic army. He was hardly secure in the post though, as Valerian, the governor of Gaul, had mobilised the Rhine legions and was marching into Italy – leaving both Germanic frontiers dangerously undermanned, shorn of their legions for the purposes of civil war shortly after the annihilation of the legions under Decius.
Valerian was ostensibly marching to the aid of Gallus, but – oh dear – arrived too late to help. A more cynical analysis would be that he waited to see how the confrontation betwixt Gallus and Aemilianus played out, now realising he had an opportunity to claim the throne himself. Some sources say he was raising an army to head east and respond to the Sassanids, but now took the opportunity to direct it south at other Romans instead. Aemilianus were fearful of a larger force and another civil war, so killed the emperor at Spoletium, before declaring for Valerian. Aemilianus’ memory was condemned, he was 46-years-old, and had ruled over the Roman Empire for three months.
Valerian was of a Senatorial family, and so the snobby Senate were much happy accepting him as emperor than they were the upstart Aemilianus.
The first act of the new emperor was to announce his son Gallienus as his deputy and heir (Caesar). Affairs in Europe deteriorated, and soon the whole of the western section of the Roman Empire was in disarray. In the east, Antioch was occupied by a Sassanid vassal and Armenia was occupied by Shapur the Great himself. Thus Valerian devised to split the empire, and thus its problems, betwixt Gallienus managing the west, and him managing the east. While the empire was not formally split in two, this was still the first time it had been done officially, with father and son now de facto western and eastern Roman Emperors respectively.
Heading east, Valerian was initially successful and had recaptured Antioch by 257 AD, and reclaimed the province of Syria for Rome, returning Roman Persia to the empire. The following year the Goths again ravaged Asia Minor, and Valerian gathered his forces in Edessa, only to see them decimated by an outbreak of plague. In the west, the 35-year-old Gallienus was proving competent at repelling the Germanic tribes along the Rhine. He also visited the Danube provinces and Illyria, and rallied the legions while raising fresh troops following the removal of most of the legions for his father’s march on Rome earlier. Gallienus won numerous victories in the region, and even crossed the Danube to stamp his authority down on Roman Dacia. He briefly visited Rome, as served several terms as Consul (as did his father), and while at the Danube proclaimed his elder son Valerian II as Caesar (heir), leaving him to impose imperial authority on the Danube while his father pushed west to the Rhine. Valerian’s three-generation family rule appeared to be restoring order to Rome.
Around 258, the Pannonian governor Ingennus took advantage of Valerian’s Persian woes and Gallienus’ attendance on the Rhine to declare himself emperor. Valerian II had died on the Danube, likely murdered by Ingennus in his bid for power. Gallienus’ left his other son, Saloninus, as Caesar in Cologne, and organised an army under the command of Postumus to attack Ingennus. Crossing the Balkans with a new cavalry corps, Ingennus was swiftly defeated at Sirmium – mainly thanks to said new cavalry, under Aureolus. Ingennus was either killed by his own guard, or committed suicide by drowning after the fall of his capital, Sirmium.
While in the east, Valerian asserted his authority by writing home and encouraging persecution of the Christians. In 257, clergymen were again ordered to perform sacrifices to the Roman pantheon, or face banishment. The following year, he ordered the execution of prominent church leaders, including the confiscation of property of Christian Senators and equestrians, and reducing Christian members of the Imperial Court to slaves – suggesting an increasing number of Christians were gaining powerful positions of state. Executions included St Prudent (in Narbonne) in 257, and Pope Sixtus II, St Romanus Ostiarius, St Lawrence, St Denis (in Paris), St Pontius (in Cimiez), St Cyprian (in Carthage) and St Eugenia (in Rome), all in 258, plus St Patroclus (in Troyes) and St Fructuosus (in Tarragona) in 259. Rome’s return to dominance over external threats would be short lived through, for Italia was about to play host to a huge Germanic invasion, and Valerian was about to set an unwanted new record in the east.

Roma si Valerian!

 1-Acest aricol este copiat !

2-Istoria ramane pasiunea mea nr-1!

3-Roma in aceasta perioada era pe moarte !


“Valerian was overthrown by Shapur king of Persia, and being soon after made prisoner, grew old in ignominious slavery among the Parthians.”
Around 258 AD, a new coalition of Germanic tribes, the Alemanni, crossed the Rhine to fill the power vacuum left by the withdrawal of Gallienus to confront Ingennus. The Franks invaded Gaul, pushing as far as west as southern Hispania and sacking Tarraco (modern Tarragona). The Alemanni pushed through the gap betwixt the rivers Rhine and Danube, followed by the Jutungi, devastating Germania and Raetia (southern France and Switzerland), and crossing into Italia. Marching through Cisalpine Gaul, they became the first foreign army to enter the Italian peninsular proper since the Carthaginian host of Hannibal Barca some 500 years earlier.
The Alemanni were repelled from the outskirts of Rome by a hastily thrown together army, complemented by armed civilians and the Praetorian Guard. Gallienus was marching south with 12 legions, and finally caught up with the host of some 300,000 Alemanni at the Battle of Mediolanum (Milan). Little is recorded of the battle, save for it being a decisive Roman victory and annihilating the invaders. It would be a decade before the Alemanni would bother Rome again. The Jugunthi managed to escape from Italia with their loot, and the swift initiative of the Senate caused jealousy in Gallienus who would go on to exclude them from military commands and suppress all of the Senate’s military prerogatives.
Despite the victory, the invasion had ended the myth of Italia being safe due to Rome’s legions occupying the frontiers. Italia itself was vulnerable, and what was needed to defend it were swift, mobile units, not slow, cumbersome legions that would march away and leave a province defenceless. Gallienus duly enacted a number of military reforms, creating a highly mobile field army composed mainly of cavalry under the control of his general Aureolus, and headquartered in Mediolanum, which would go on to become the de facto capital of the empire, its northern location proving far more suitable to reacting to Danube and Rhine crossings than Rome was.
While Gallienus was crushing the Alemanni, the Balkan general Regalianus declared himself as emperor. Gallienus had taken the obvious step of using the frontier legions to defend the homeland of Italia, though this had left the provinces exposed. People living along the Rhine and Danube took little consolation from the protection of Rome when it was their farms burning, their homes sacked, their daughters raped and sons enslaved. As barbarian incursions continued, they thus began to look for local solutions now that the central state was failing to protect them – declaring Regalianus as emperor was one such solution. In the event he ‘ruled’ for little over six months, and while he repulsed the Sarmatians, the Roxolani invaded Pannonia and killed him when they captured the city of Sirmium. Far from being an unusual usurper though, Regalianus was a sign of things to come.
In the east, bands of Scythians were launching naval raids into Pontus and Cappadocia, though Valerian and his forces proved too slow to intercept them. By 260, Valerian had assembled and supplied his 14 legions and was ready to confront the Sassanids to restore Roman pride. Shapur the Great led the Sassanid response, and the two armies clashed betwixt Carrhae and Edessa at the Battle of Edessa. Valerian’s force comprised unites from all over the empire, including former Germanic enemies now serving alongside the legions. Shapur again demonstrated why his is called “the Great”, by decisively defeating the Roman force, then besieging what few remained in their camp. Valerian attempted to negotiate terms, after which the rest of his army surrendered. Prisoners included a Praetorian Prefect and other high ranking officials, while Valerian became the first Roman Emperor to be captured as a prisoner of war. Some sources state that Shapur forced him to serve as footstool for mounting his horse, then when he tired of this after some years, had him killed and his body stuffed to be displayed in the throne room. Other sources claim Valerian was treated reasonably well while he lived the last few years of his life among the Sassanid Royal Court – his fate after his capture is uncertain. Later reports likely exaggerated his demise as Christian authors attempted to fit ‘just’ punishments to the ‘enemies of God’ in later years. Valerian was 61-years-old, and had ruled the Roman Empire for just over six years.
Shapur again seized the initiative of victory, capturing the Syrian capital of Caesarea and deporting almost half a million Roman citizens to settle the southern provinces of the Sassanid Empire – a useful insurance policy against future Roman aggression. He raided as deep as Cilicia, but was repelled by a coalition of nobles from the city of Palmyra, led by Macrianus – another example of people looking to local solutions, rather than support from the state. Valerian’s defeat would prove to be a catalyst for local usurpers to declare themselves across the empire, and as confidence in Rome collapsed, the empire would disintegrate into numerous successor states as the people began looking for rulers closer to home to ensure their security.

joi, 28 ianuarie 2021

Traian-Cel mai Mare-Imparat-Roman din Istorie !

 1-Acest articol este copiat !

2-Istoria ramane pasiunea mea nr-1!

3-Il consider pe Traian ca nr-1 -Imparat din Istoria-Romei !


S-a întâmplat în 27 ianuarie 98 d.H.: În urma morţii împăratului Cocceius Nerva, pe tronul Imperiului Roman a urcat fiul adoptiv al acestuia, Traian (Marcus Ulpius; 53-117 d.H.). În timpul domniei lui Traian, Imperiul a căpătat cea mai mare extindere teritorială, în anul 106 intrând în componenţa sa şi Dacia. Unele surse mneţionează ca dată a acestui eveniment 28 ianuarie.Marcus Ulpius Nerva Traianus (n. 18 septembrie 53, Italica Santiponce, d. 9 august 117 Selinus Cilicia), Împărat Roman între (98 – 117) a fost al doilea dintre cei aşa-zişi cinci împăraţi buni ai Imperiului Roman (dinastia Antoninilor) şi unul dintre cei mai importanţi ai acestuia. În timpul domniei sale, imperiul a ajuns la întinderea teritorială maximă. Împăratul Traian s-a născut pe 18 septembrie 53 d.Chr, în oraşul Italica (la marginea actualului oraş Sevilla) din Hispania Baetica (regiunea Andaluzia, din Spania modernă). Tatăl său, M. Ulpius Traianus, era un cunoscut senator şi general, din faimoasa familie romană Ulpia, originară din peninsula Italică. Mama sa, Marcia, provenea tot dintr-o familie importantă care susținea că se trage din primii regi ai Romei. Traian a urcat în ierarhia armatei romane luptând în cea mai periculoasă zonă a Imperiului Roman, pe fluviul Rin, luând parte la războaiele lui Domiţian împotriva triburilor germanice. Contrar opiniei generale, cuceritorul Daciei nu a fost primul împărat născut în afara Italiei, ci al doilea, întâiul fiind Claudiu.Traian a fost în primul rând un mare comandant militar, care datorită reuşitelor sale, a sărbătorit cele mai mari triumfuri. În timpul guvernării sale Imperiul Roman a atins maxima sa întindere. Caracterul său onest şi serios, l-au făcut sa fie apreciat atât de Senat cât si de popor, încă de la început. Se spune ca la moartea împăratului Nerva, în ianuarie 98 d.Hr, deşi era succesor legal, Traian fiind fiul adoptiv al împăratului, nu s-a grăbit la Roma să-şi ia tronul în primire, această grabă putând fi considerată nedemnă din partea lui. A ales să facă un tur de inspectie al trupelor care păzeau frontierele de la Rin si de la Dunăre.Vizita personală la garnizoanele de la marginea imperiului a fost o mişcare înţeleaptă a lui Traian pentru a-şi consolida sprijinul în rândul legiunilor pe care le comandase în campaniile impăratului Domiţian. Intrarea lui Traian in Roma, în anul 99 d.Hr, a fost un adevărat triumf. Mulţimile jubilau la vestea sosirii sale. Noul împărat a intrat în oraş pe jos, a îmbrăţişat pe fiecare dintre senatori şi chiar a umblat printre oameni obişnuiţi. A fost un comportament diferit de al oricărui alt împărat roman de până atunci şi probabil, acest lucru reflectă o mică parte din adevărata măreţie a împăratului Traian.Deși avea suflet de soldat, noul împărat a înțeles necesitatea de a face aranjamente politice în capitală înainte de a-si concentra în întregime energia în altă parte. Anul 100 d.Hr. a fost petrecut la Roma, atât în onorarea lui Nerva, cât și pentru construirea unui sentiment de guvernare în cadrul autorității Senatului. Curtea imperiala a fost redusă la minimum în comparație cu „administrațiile” anterioare. De-a lungul domniei sale, Traian a dat dreptul guvernatorilor provinciilor să ia decizii și astfel, doar problemele de importanță extremă erau înaintate împăratului.Datorită lui Pliniu cel Tânăr, guvernator de provincie a cărui corespondență cu împăratul mai există în mare măsură, poate fi văzut un portret viu al stilului lui Traian, în ciuda lipsei teribile de informații de la alți istorici antici. Într-adevăr, guvernarea sa a fost mai mult ca cea a unui general care foloseşte ofițerii subordonați în sens militar. Ca si Nerva, Traian a continuat măsurile populare care-i pedepsea pe delatori (informatori) pentru partea lor de vină în crearea dezordinii administrative, a redus puterea gărzii pretoriene și a reformat sistemul instanțelor de judecată. Pentru faptele sale, continuând și perfecționând sistemul de asistență socială cunoscut sub numele de Alimenta, el a câștigat din partea poporului renumele de Optimus – cel mai bun. În puținul timp cât a stat în Roma, Traian a pregătit lumea romană pentru o perioadă de conducere constantă și eficientă.În tot timpul petrecut la Roma, privirea împăratului era aţintită peste Dunăre. Marele istoric Tacitus, contemporan cu Traian, prin lucrarea sa “Germania” (una dintre puținele surse antice dedicat misterioaselor triburi germanice) a inițiat o propagandă publică, pentru a putea avea sprijin în expedițiile militare spre nord. Deși obiectivul lui Traian nu era chiar aliniat cu așteptările lui Tacitus, s-a obținut susţinere atât din partea poporului cât și din partea aristocraţiei. Dacă în veacul al doilea înainte de Hristos, Cato își încheia discursurile cu sintagma „Cartagina trebuie distrusă”, așa și Traian spunea mereu „așa cum voi preface eu Dacia în provincie romană”. După două războaie grele și-a îndeplinit obiectivul.Cumpătarea i-a deschis noului împărat calea spre succes. Traian a arătat respect pentru instituții şi pentru oamenii simpli atunci când a promis că va informa întotdeauna Senatul despre strategia sa de guvernare şi când a declarat că dreptul împăratului de a se pronunța trebuie să fie compatibil cu libertatea cetătenilor guvernati. Traian a fost un om educat și o figură foarte puternică. El a avut un adevărat simţ al demnităţii, dar si al modestiei, care în ochii romanilor, a făcut din el un împărat cu adevărate virtuţi. Dar, cu toate calitățile sale, împăratul Traian nu a fost un om perfect. Se păre că se bucura prea mult de ideea războiului. Pasiunea lui pentru confruntarea armată venea de la simplul fapt că era foarte priceput în arta militară. A fost un general strălucit, aşa cum ne arată realizările sale militare din titulatură: „Germanicus, Dacicus, Parthicus”. Era foarte popular în rândul trupelor, datorită disponibilitaţii sale naturale, de a participa la muncile grele ale soldaţilor săi.Ca administrator civil, Traian este bine cunoscut pentru programul său amplu de construcţii publice, care a remodelat Roma şi a lăsat repere durabile, cum sunt Forumul lui Traian (107-117 d.Hr.) şi Columna lui Traian (107-113 d.Hr.), capodopere ale arhitectului Apollodor din Damasc. A dispus drenarea Mlaştinilor Pontine, a construit un nou port la Ostia, a construit foarte multe drumuri, poduri si apeducte. Toate acestea au fost finanţate din marea comoară a dacilor, obţinută ca pradă în al doilea război de cucerire a regatului Daciei, în anii 105-106 d.Hr. După războaiele daco-romane imperiul s-a bucurat de o perioada liniştită de câtiva ani, după care, în anul 114 d.Hr., a pornit un nou război înspre est, împotriva Imperiului Part.Deşi a anexat Armenia şi a cucerit spectaculos întreaga Mesopotamie, inclusiv capitala Parthiei, Ctesifon, in 116 d.Chr., steaua lui Traian a început să apună. Revoltele din ţările recent cucerite, în rândul evreilor din Orientul Mijlociu şi a mesopotamienilor, i-au slăbit convingerea de a continua războiul. Traian şi-a retras trupele în Siria, deşi această manevră a afectat aura sa de invincibilitate.S-a hotărât să se întoarcă la Roma, dar nu a mai apucat să revadă capitala imperiului.A murit in prima decadă a lui august 117 d.Hr. în drum spre Roma, la Selinus, în Cilicia (S-E Turciei). Popularitatea sa a ajunsese la asemenea nivel încât Senatul Roman i-a acordat lui Traian încă din timpul vieții(unicul caz) titlul de optimo principi, adică cel mai bun împărat. Dupa dispariţia sa, timp de patru secole a rămas tradiţia ca oricărui nou împărat urcat pe tronul Romei, să i se ureze de către Senat să fie „felicitor Augusto, melior Traiano”, adică „mai norocos decât Augustus şi mai bun decât Traian”. Cuceritorul Daciei este poate singurul împărat roman care are o reputație ce nu s-a știrbit de-a lungul timpului.





Piratii.........................Partea-5!

 1-Faceau comert cu arme,matasuri ,mirodeni si etc !

2-Radu Theodoru cel mai vestit pirat-Roman !

3-Pirati aveau o viata scurta !

                    1-Erau vanati tot timpul !

                    2-Moartea este sigura si in orice moment !

4-Luptau uneori alaturi  de Marile-Forte-Navale 1

           1-Franta!

           2-Spania !

           3-Etc !

5-Aveau o relatie foarte buna in comert !

          1-Vindeau lucruri de calitate !

6-Luptau des pentru suprematie intrei ei !

7-Nu faceau aliante prea des ma refer intre ei pentru  a lupta impotriva marilor-puteri .

8-Banul era totul pentru ei !

9-Luptau in echipaje mici sau medii !

10-Nume de Pirati care au bagat frica in multe popoare !

              1-Henry-Morgan -sec-17!

              2-Frasis-Drake-sec-16.

              3-Wilian-Kidd-1701.

             4-Barba-Neagra-1718.

             5-Lista cu siguranta e lunga !

11-Pe viitor voi reveni cu noi articole referitaore la Pirati!




miercuri, 27 ianuarie 2021

Moartea unui Titan -Pompey cel mare !

 1-Acest articol este copiat !

2-Istoria ramane pasiunea mea nr-1

3-Personal il consider un General fantastic !

4-Cand era in top s-a dat cu Senatul si a tradat o posibila conducere cu Cezar !

5-Oare cum ar fi aratat conducerea-Romei-Pompey-Cezar !


Muerte de Pompeyo y presentación de su cabeza ante Julio César, el cual quedó horrorizado
+3

marți, 26 ianuarie 2021

Razbunarea lui Spartacus !

1-Acest articol este copiat !

2-Istoria ramane pasiunea mea nr-1!

3-Il consider pe Spartacus cel mai mare pericol dintr-o perioada in care Roma era nr-1. 




 Our sources agree that Crixus suffered a crushing defeat at Mount Garganus, but after this the records begin to diverge from one another. The Consul Clodianus was the next to confront the rebels, meeting Spartacus in battle as he was leading his men northward. According to Plutarch Clodianus was able to trap and surround Spartacus, but the rebels were nevertheless able to emerge victorious. The historian also adds that he "defeated the Legates" of the Consul, suggesting the Romans may have been divided between several detachments, allowing the larger rebel army to defeat them in detail.

---
Whatever the reality, Clodianus suffered a heavy defeat and the rebels secured much of his equipment. Appian claims that Spartacus also turned south and attacked Publicola as well, routing his army in battle. The rebels then paused for a moment, and it is at this stage that Spartacus may have heard of the defeat of Crixus, as he had 300 Roman prisoners put to death as revenge for this, according to some even having them ironically fight as gladiators. Appian then claims that Spartacus, now at the head of a colossal army of 120,000 men, decided to march on Rome itself, getting rid of his heaviest baggage and prisoners to speed up the advance, and defeated Publicola and Clodianus again at Picenum.
---
According to Plutarch rather than fighting Publicola Spartacus continued his march north where he instead met the governor of Cisalpine Gaul Cassius Longinus in battle. The governor was able to amass a force of 10,000 men, perhaps two Legions, but was overwhelmed (we should note Spartacus seems to have had a large numerical advantage in most of his battles) and nearly killed. As was said earlier it seems more likely that Spartacus didn't plan on staying in Italy where he was likely to eventually be overwhelmed, lending more credence to Plutarch. But we shouldn't discount the notion that Spartacus may have grown overconfident from his success, leading to him abandoning his original plan, something that Plutarch also suggests happened as we shall see. It is also possible that both accounts are broadly accurate but fail to mention details the other does, while also making errors.



Vlad-Tepes !-Partea-2!

 1-Fiul lui Vlad-Dracul!

2-Era contient de pericolul Otoman .

3-Aliat si prieten cu Stefan cel Mare .

4-Relatii economice bune cu Matei Corvin !

5-Pune baza unei armate-moderne  pentru atunci !

            1-Imbunatatirea tacticilor de lupta .

            2-Armamentului .

            3-Spionajului .

6-Granitele incep sa fie mai sigure !

7-Comertul se dezvolta rapid !

8-Incheie un tratat cu Matei Corvin de sprijin militar !

9-Pune ordine in nobilime !

10-Atrage atentia Sultanului prin tot ce face in Tara-Romaneasca !




luni, 25 ianuarie 2021

Roma in decadere !

 1-Acest articol este copiat !

2-Istoria ramane pasiunea mea nr-1!



“Let no one mourn – the death of one soldier is not a great loss to the republic.”
Decius would be one of the first of a long line of Roman emperors to come from Illyria (Serbia) and the Danube provinces. Being an experienced Senator and general, with a successful record in administration and warfare, the Senate hoped he could provide a stabilising hand to the unravelling empire. He initially focused on strengthening the state, reviving the role of Censor and leaving the choice to the Senate, which chose Valerian – who swiftly declined the role due to the difficulties in managing a Census at a time of multiple invasions. Decius instigated several building projects in Rome, including the Aventine “Baths of Decius”, which were completed in 252 AD and survived into the Sixteenth Century. He also repaired damage to the Colosseum.
Decius also gained a reputation for advocating persecution of Christians, albeit indirectly. Rome would not become a Christian empire for almost a century, and in that time would ping pong betwixt tolerance and persecution. The Senate, based in Rome, clung to the old pagan ways of venerating Jupiter and the pantheon, though had increasingly lost control of the empire in recent years to the legions. With many of them being based in the east, they would increasingly following eastern religions and cults such as Mithras, Sol Invictus, and Christianity. Thus when an emperor such as Decius wanted to ingratiate himself with the Senate, it made sense to honour the old gods at the expense of the new.
In January 250, a decree was issued ordering everyone in the empire to make a sacrifice to the emperor, as a test of their loyalty. Technically it was a sacrifice for the ‘emperor’s wellbeing’, as an emperor would not be deified until death, but it was still considered sacrilegious by Christians. The sacrifice had to be completed and a certificate (libellus) issued confirming it had – of which 46 were published, all dated to 250 – and failure to do so could result in torture and death. This edict was largely fine among other pagan religions, as Decius did not attempt to establish the Roman pantheon as superior to any other, and the various bishops and churches reacted differently. Pope Fabian himself was among those to refuse and be martyred, and the Christian opposition led to an uprising and anti-church sentiment across the empire, with attacks on them by the mob in Carthage and Alexandria. An outbreak of Antonine Plague the following year, which took the lives of up to 5,000 daily in Rome alone, ushered in an opportunity to scapegoat the Christians for this too. Decius’ edicts would be renewed by his successor, and not repealed for a decade. Although Christians bore the brunt of this persecution, much of the oppression had died down by 251, and the empire resumed to being fairly tolerant.
Meanwhile, barbarian incursions of the empire were becoming more frequent, and more daring. The Goths crossed the Danube with a large force to raid Moesia and Thrace – the first time this Germanic tribe appears on the historical record. Under King Cniva, the Goths were surprised while besieging Nicopolis on the Danube, and retreated through the difficult Balkan terrain. They then wheeled around and ambushed the Romans near Beroe (modern Stara Zagora), sacking the camp and routing the troops. The Goths then captured Philippopolis, and the Thracian governor Titus Priscus declared himself emperor, with Gothic backing, though he was killed soon thereafter. The Goths then began a retreat north, taking with them a great deal of plunder and Senatorial hostages.
Decius returned to the area with a reorganised army some 80,000 strong, accompanied by his son Herennius Etruscus and the general Gallus, looking to crush the Goths and recover the plunder. His force came across the returning Goths in the Summer of 251 at the Battle of Abritus. Cniva divided his force into three unites, with one of these concealed behind a swamp. Herennius was killed by an arrow early on in the battle, but upon hearing news of his son’s death, Decius declared: “Let no one mourn – the death of one soldier is not a great loss to the republic.”
The Romans initially pushed back the Gothic force, but then made the fatal mistake of pursuing them into the swamp. At that point they were ambushed by the hidden force, and were routed under a barrage of Gothic missiles. The slaughter was immense, and was one of the worst defeats in Rome’s history, with the number of dead likely to rival those of Cannae and Aruasio. Decius died amidst the chaos and slaughter, his body trampled into the mud and never recovered. The Goths captured the Roman treasury of tonnes of gold coins and weapons, many of which have been unearthed at various Gothic locations by archaeologists. The giant Roman relief army against the Goths was annihilated, and Decius was the first emperor to have been confirmed as killed by a foreign enemy in battle (though the Sassanids claim that honour belongs to the uncertain fate of Severus Alexander). Decius was 50-years-old, and had ruled the Roman Empire for little under two years.
Some reports of the defeat were that Decius was betrayed by his adjutant Gallus, who made a secret pact with the Goths. Following the disastrous battle, the remaining army units in the region declared Gallus as emperor. Back in Rome, Decius’ surviving son Hostilian was declared emperor by the Senate. Keen to avoid another civil war, Gallus announced that the duo would be co-emperors. His support by the army, and partnership with Hostilian, would oppose the idea of his betrayal of Decius and his troops. In the middle of the Third Century, Rome now faced a huge invading Gothic army, the destruction of a large number of their own legions, two emperors – which rarely works well – plus the hostility of a resurgent Sassanid Empire. Things were going to get far worse before they got better.

duminică, 24 ianuarie 2021

Cum strangeau-Dacii armatele pentru razboaiele lor !

 1-Dacii nu au fost extraordinari in acesta parte daca pot spune asa !

2-Nu reuseau sa stranga la timp trupele mai ales pentru razboaiele cu Roma-un lucru fatal dovedit-ulterior.

3-Daca aveau timp puteau organiza ceva de top dar totul depindea de felul razboiului !

           1-Razboi de Cucerire !

           2-Razboi de Aparare !

4-Cand au avut timp s-a vazut o armata de top,razboaile cu Celti,Triburile-Germanice,Roma !

5-Burebista strangea armatele pentru razboaiele de cucerire intre 30-60 zile!Foarte mult timp .

        1-Pentru luptele de aparare 45 de zile!

6-Decebal a strans armata pentru Tapae-88 in 15 zile si chiar o armata de top !

         1-Roma atunci era nr -1 militar .

         2-Pentru a-2 lupta de la Tapae-89 lui Decebal i-a fost nevoie de 45 zile pentru a strange armata !

7-La Dacii nu a fost problema de disciplina !

           1-Problema de comunicare !

           2-Modul cum erau impartiti soldati pe teritoriul acesteia .

           3-Cei care aduceau vestea de chemare la lupta .

8-Pentru razboaiele cu Roma timpul a fsot un mare dusman pentru Dacii !

            1-Totusi s-a vazut ca desi se strangeau greu au realizat o rezistenta extraordinara !

            2-Traian a fost nevoi sa aduca peste 60 mii legionari in al-2 razboi-105-106-D-HR!

9-Armatele Dacice aveau o rezistenta de top la luptele de gherila dar nu l-a razboi de lunga-durata !

10-Nu considerau o alta metoda de strangere a armatelor !




          

Batalia de la Muntele-Vesuvius-Rascoala lui Spartacus !

 1-Acest articol este copiat !

2-Iatoria ramane pasiunea mea nr-1.



After escaping from Capua the gladiators first elected three leaders from among their ranks: the first was Spartacus, who was followed by  the Gauls Crixus and Oenomanus. Shortly after their escape Roman guards from Capua came after the escapees, but the gladiators were able to repulse them. They then swapped out their old weaponry for captured Roman ones, with Plutarch claiming they considered these weapons dishonourable to use. The rebels then marched to the nearby Mount Vesuvius, a naturally defensible position ideal for making a base.
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The Romans at first did not take this uprising seriously and the armies they sent against Spartacus were accordingly of poor quality, consisting of hastily levied and equipped men. The first Roman commander to move against the rebels was the Praetor Caius Clodius Glaber with a force of 3,000 men, blocking the sole route down from the mountain with the intention of starving Spartacus into surrender. However the rebels, who by now had a larger force as well, soon realized that they could make use of the many thick vines and branches around Vesuvius to create makeshift ladders and ropes which they used to outflank the Romans.
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Glaber was closely monitoring the rebel position on the main approach, but was completely unprepared for an attack elsewhere. The rebels fell upon the Roman rear and threw them into utter confusion, routing Glaber and then capturing his camp. Unfortunately we lack any great details of this battle, but it was a clear success for the rebels which helped their movement gain momentum. Plutarch records that many shepherds and herdsmen joined the revolt at this stage, "sturdy men and fast on their feet", who made for ideal front line soldiers but also scouts and skirmishers, yet another passage that supports the theory of rebellious Italians joining Spartacus. The defeat of Glaber would also have afforded Spartacus more Roman equipment to provide his men: the war had just escalated.