Gaius-Marius 85-82-I-HR !-----------Partea-3!

 1-Carbo a atras noi trupe prin loialitate si faptul ca  Sulla nu era vazut deloc bine de popor datorita faptului ca nu tinea in primul rand cont de rolul acestora .

2-Carbo si Mariani trebuiau sa fie uniti !

       1-Sulla si trupele sale erau peste tot si mai cu experienta .

3-Gaius-Marius-Jr este ales Consul !

     1-O functie cu care Sulla nu era de acord .

4-Gaius Marius-jr avea doar 17 ani !

      1-Experienta sau militara si politica era zero !

      2-Avea insa potential .

5-Carbo se uneste cu Senatul favorabil lui Marius prin care mai spera la trupe suplimentare .

6-In acele vremuri apar noi-generali de top !

        1-Sertoriu-apropiat al lui Marius !

       2-Cezar-apropiat all lui Marius .

       3-De Pompey si Crassus stim!-apropiati lui Sulla .

       4-Lepudus -apropiat al lui Marius iar pe urma al lui Cezar .

7-Marius-Jr castiga consulatul desi Sulla din Grecia bagase multi banii in a evita acest lucru !

8-Metalus-Pius era alesul lui Sulla pentru Consulat .

9-Carbo se pregatea sa il infrunte in lupta pe Metalus-Pius .

10-Pompey este trimis de Sulla in ajutorul lui Metalius -Pius .

Roma si Peninsula-Italica ! Partea-3!

 1-Acest articol este copiat !

2-Istoria ramane pasiunea mea nr-1!

“They were utterly defeated and it was only now that their courage at length gave way and that they sent an embassy to sue for terms and made a treaty with the Romans.”

The alliances that the Roman Republic developed during the Latin War, following the Second Samnite War, and at the beginning and end of the Third Samnite War, all laid the foundations for Rome’s Italian hegemony. Those who opposed Rome were not only defeated, but then saw their civilisations incorporated into Rome as “friends” or “allies”, even though they were ostensibly vassals having their lands annexed. Some were merely wiped out, though most were absorbed, with a healthy sprinkling of colonies and settlers ensuring lands became Romanised and began to lose their sense of individuality. Rome’s system of alliances would see it morph from a pan-Italian coalition into, essentially, a nation rather than a city. This sense of inclusion of, rather than necessarily conquering others outright, laid the groundwork for Rome to resist Greek attempts to check their expansion when Pyrrhus invaded, and Carthage’s attempt to dismantle the republic when Hannibal invaded. The successes in those wars, built on the successes in Italy, would see the legions become a bulldozer that would obliterate all the remaining Mediterranean powers within two decades – leading them to call the water “Mare Nostrum” – “Our Sea”.

This alliance system worked because Rome supported the ruling elites of its allies, who could then expect Roman support to quell civil strife. Rome shared the spoils of war, which would be considerable, and the allies gained security. The participation of allied troops at the Battle of Sentinum had been a decisive factor for Rome, and this reliance only grew. Allied troops often greatly outnumbers Romans, and the epic Battle of Teleman against the Gauls in 225 BC saw some 41,000 Romans mobilised amidst some 210,000 allies. The Roman pool of military manpower was only about 40% of the total Italian pool, which Polynius estimated at 700,000 – behemoth numbers which could not be matched anywhere else in the Mediterranean.

283 BC saw further Roman consolidation, including clashes with Gauls and Etruscans. The Gauls besieged Arretium and defeated a Roman relief force, and the Praetor Caecillius Metellus Denter died in battle. He was replaced by Manius Curius Dentatus, who sent envoys to release Roman prisoners, though they were killed. A march into Cisalpine Gaul (northern Italy) saw the Romans defeat the Senones in battle, killing most and driving the rest from their lands so they could found the colony of Sena Gallia (Senigalia). The neighbouring Boii appealed to the Etruscans for aid against Rome, and both marched out in force to confront the legions at the Battle of Lake Vadimon. Polybius states that: “the Etruscans were cut to pieces, and only a few of the Boii escaped”. The following year saw a fresh campaign, though “they were utterly defeated and it was only now that their courage at length gave way and that they sent an embassy to sue for terms and made a treaty with the Romans.”

These clashes gained further Roman territory along the Adriatic, eliminating the Gallic danger from the Senones, and was followed by half a century of peace with the Gauls. The two major advantages Rome took from these encounters was getting used to defeating Gauls – which they had long held a terror of since the Gallic sack of Rome by Brennus in 290 BC – and providing them with veteran legions just as Pyrrhus was about to invade. Rome would finally face an external threat to Italy with the Epirot King Pyrrhus landed, and they campaigned against him from 280 to 275 BC, ultimately successful despite heavy losses. Pyrrhus would win battles, though at such a cost he could not win the war, giving rise to the term “Pyrrhic victory”. 280 BC saw successful clashes with the stubbornly rebellious Etruscans of the Vulsci and Volsinii, with the Caere in 273 BC, and with the Volsinii again in 264 BC. Rome’s ability to keep its enemies divided following the defeat of the Samnites, rather than allow the growing of such coalitions faced in those wars, enabled its enemies to be defeated piecemeal.

For their part, the Samnites never really settled beneath the heel of Rome, despite their successive defeats. Whenever an opportunity arose to rebel, a new generation of Samnites would recite the tales of their ancestors, and resume the ultimately futile struggle against Rome. When Hannibal invaded Italy in the Second Punic War, the Samnites supported him. When the Social War erupted over the lack of voting rights and equal citizenship among Italian allies, it was the Samnites who led it, along with the Marsi. It was also the Samnites who would hold out longest, supporting Gaius Marius and his Populare faction when they began civil war against the Optimates led by Lucius Cornelius Sulla. Sulla developed a special hatred for the Samnites, and won the grass crown, a military distinction, when he routed a Samnite army outside of Nola. Sulla’s final march on Rome was not to defeat a Populare army – whose leader Carbo had already fled Italy – but rather a fresh Samnite army, which saw a belated opportunity to seize Rome. After he crushed the 70,000-strong force at the Colline Gate, Sulla executed all of the prisoners – forcing cowering Senators to listen to their screams. When Spartacus rose up from a minor slave revolt to an army 80,000 strong threatening Italy, his numbers were swollen by Samnites seeing a new opportunity to challenge Rome. The term “Samnite” would come to be used as a type of gladiator, the Romans often basing these on the different styles of enemies they fought (such as “hopplomachus” for Greek spearment, “murmillo” for legionary, and more). Samnite would long remain a thorn in the side of Rome, and arguably never truly integrate.

By the time Rome became an empire rather than a republic though, the concept of “Rome” became far more than a city, and the city itself became increasingly irrelevant. The capital would eventually be moved to Milan, to Ravenna, to Constantinople, while some of Rome’s most successful emperors would come from far flung provinces such as Hispania (Trajan), Africa (Septimius Severus), and Illyria (Aurelian) – something inconceivable to the fledgling city striving for control of Italy and closely protecting its citizenship with full rights.

Victory over the Samnites ensured Rome was now placed to become the master of the Mediterranean. Its military experience would not just vanquish Pyrrhus, but ultimately see it triumph over the other great power, Carthage, following a titanic century-long struggle. This left Rome without serious opposition, and the legions were able to prove their supremacy in Greece as it became Rome, not Macedon, that reunified the Hellenic kingdoms of Alexander, and campaigned deep into Persia in years to come, with many Roman general seeking to emulate his achievements. At a time when Alexander and his phalanxes were sweeping through the vast Achaemenid Empire all the way to India, Rome was but a small city contesting control of central Italy from a vicious mountain tribe, the Samnites. Yet Alexander’s empire was fleeting, swiftly dismantled by his Diadochi successors who could never emulate his accomplishments, much less achieve the stated goal in his will of annexing Arabia, and then all of the Mediterranean basin. Instead it would be that small Italian city state, which would not erupt in a blaze of glory as Alexander did but rather steadily build over generations and centuries, that would go on to annex all of the Mediterranean. Not only that, but instead of a fleeting accomplishment, Rome’s would be lasting, with an empire that would persevere in the east until 476 AD, and the west until 1453 – some 1,796 years after that first war with the Samnites. The shadow of Rome still looms large over the world today – and yet it took an epic struggle against the Samnites for that shadow to even cross the Apennines.

Sulla preia controlul in Roma --------------Partea-2!

 1-Mariani pleaca din Roma !

2-Sulla ii pune la dispozitie lui Pompey-3 legiuni pentru ai urmari !

3-Sulla mai are la dispozitie doi Generali de top!

            1-Marcus Crasus si  Metalus-Pius .

4-Sulla pin aceste miscari face din Pompey mana sa dreapta si urmatorul lider pe care Roma il cerea .

5-Sulla omora fara mila orice sustinator al lui Marius si in special pe cei bogati !

      1-De aici veneau banii pentru urmatoarele razboaie .

6-Ca Dictator putea sa faca orice !

    1-Sulla dorea ca Poporul sa fie respectat dar nu  sa aiba ultimul cuvant in lucrurile vitale .

7-Sulla nu si-a iertat dusmanii !

  1-Aici ma refer la Cezar care a facut acest lucru asta .

  2-Sulla stia ca doar prin o mana forte putea sa aduca Roma spre o cale puternica .

8-Senatul respecta orice spunea el si mai ales cum legiunile la portile orasului .

  1-Sulla a pus la dispozitie sume uriase de banii pentru legiunile sale.

   2-Sa nu uitam ca legiunile sale au adus glorie Romei .

9-Multi Senatori au fost tratati foarte dur deoarece  nu erau sustinatori sai !

     1-Tot timpul a banuit ca Marius avea spioni in Senat .

10-In aceasta perioada Roma era in liniste si aici ma refer la comert si economie !

Roma si Peninsula-Italica ! Partea-2!

 1-Acest articol este copiat !

2-Istoria ramane pasiunea mea nr-1!

“The Battle of Aquilonia was the last great battle of the war, and it sealed the fate of the Samnites.”

Roman victory at the Battle of Sentinum had broken the coalition against them, but at great cost. While Decius was slain at the battle along with 8,700 legionaries, Fabius had rallied the troops to rout the Samnites and then surround the Senones, killing around 20,000. As this was taking place, Lucius Volumnius was in Samnium, and routed a Samnite force at Mt Tifernus. After the battle, 5,000 Samnites made their way home through the lands of the Paeligni, who in turn attacked them and killed a further thousand men. Fabius left the army of Decius to guard Etruria while he celebrated a Triumph in Rome, though in Etruria the Perusini continued the war. Appius Claudius was sent as proprietor to command Decius’ army, while Fabius confronted and defeated the Perusini. The Samnites attacked around the Liris, at Formiae and Vescia, and the Volturnus. Appius and Volumnius pursued them, combining forces to crush them at Caiatia, near Capua.

Victory at Sentinium caused the Etruscans, Umbrians and Senone Gauls to exit the Rome. The Samnites, aside from losing their allies, had suffered huge casualties. At a time when populations were much smaller than today, when infant mortality was much higher and diseases were rife, it is hard to understand how any society could persist in a war after suffering such huge losses. Most societies would suffer a heavy loss and seek an end to the war – Rome was among very few with the belligerence to be willing to turn almost any war into one of annihilation.

294 BC saw Samnite raids against Roman armies returning to Etruria, defending the border, and in Campania. The Consul Atilius Regulus met the Samnites at the front where neither side could ravage the other’s territory, and a Samnite attack in the fog managed to capture part of the Roman camp and kill several officers, plus hundreds of soldiers. The Consul Postimius Megellus, recovering from illness, assembled an allied army at Sora and went on to take Milionia and Feritrum from the Samnites. Atilius then marched on Luceria (in Apulia) which was being besieged, but was defeated. There was another battle the next day, in which the legionaries began to flee, only to be forced back into the fray by their own cavalry. The Samnites failed to press their moment of advantage, and were defeated.

While returning, Atilius defeated a Samnite force attacking Interamna, a Roman colony on the Liris, while Postumius moved from Samnium to Etruria without consulting the Senate. He ravaged the territory of the Volsinii and defeated the townsfolk who arrived to defend the city. Volsinii, Perusia and Arretium all sued for peace, agreeing a 40-year truce. 293 BC saw fresh troops levied throughout Samnium, with 40,000 assembling in Aquilonia. The Consul Spurius Carvilius Maximus took the veteran legions Atilius had left at Interamna Lirenas in the mid-Liris Valley and swiftly seized Amiternum, in Samnium. The other Consul, Lucius Papirius Cursor – the son of the Consul from the Second Samnite War – levied a fresh army and stormed Duronia. Both Consuls then moved to check the main Samnite force, Spurius engaging in skirmishes at Cominium and Papirius besieging Aquilonia.

A deserter informed Papirius that there were 20 contingents of 400 elite Samnite soldiers which, in desperation, had been recruited under the les sacrata – in which soldiers swore not to flee under punishment of death – headed to Cominium. The Roman legions thus united and set off to intercept them, crushing the Samnite force. Papirius returned to take Aquilonia, while Spurius – unaware of the defeat of the elite Samnites – sent a legion of his own to intercept them. The city eventually surrendered to him, and increasing Samnite territory fell into Roman hands. Forsythe wrote that the Battle of Aquilonia was “the last great battle of the war, and it sealed the fate of the Samnites.” With the Samnite armies destroyed, Roman attention now turned to storming their towns, and forcing their belligerent enemies to surrender.

Roma si Peninsula-Italica ! Partea-1!

 1-Acest articol este copiat !

2-Istoria ramane pasiunea mea nr-1!

“The enemy could not withstand a force so much greater than they were accustomed to meet.”

Roman Consul Lucius Volumnius hurried to Samnium so he could reach the campaigning theatre before the expiration of the proconsulships of Fabius and Decius. The Samnites raised new troops, raiding Roman territories and the lands of their allies in Campania, around Capua, and Falernium. Volumnius arrived in Campania only to learn that the Samnites had gone home with their loot, and when he caught up with them they were so burdened by booty that they were unable to defend their camp effectively. The Samnite commander Staius Minatius was attacked by prisoners in his camp and delivered to Volumnius. The Senate chose to establish the colonies of Minturnae, on the mouth of the Liris, and Sinuessa, further inland, in the former territory of the Ausoni.

Samnite raids into Campania alarmed Rome, and it was coupled with news that Volumnius’ withdrawal from Etruria was enabling the cities there to mobilise afresh. The Etruscans had invited Gellius Egnatius’ Samnites and the Umbrians to join their revolt, in addition to offering to pay Gauls to join them. This would be the first time the Romans faced a coalition of four peoples, and their two best military commanders – Quintus Fabius and Decius Mus – were again elected as Consuls, for 295 BC. Volumnius had his command prorogued for a year, enabling Fabius to march a legion to Etruria to replace Appius Claudius, who left his legion in Clusium and returned to Rome. The Senate elected for both Consuls to fight in Etruria, and they set off with four legions, a large cavalry, and a thousand Campanian soldiers. Their allies fielded an even larger force, Volumnius taking two legions to Samnium to divert them from assisting the Etruscans. Two reserve armies headed by propraetors were sent to garrison the Faliscan district near the Vatican Hill to shield Rome.

Before the Consuls went to Etruria, a large force of Senones went to Clusium to attack the Roman legion there, and routed it. There were no survivors to warn the Consuls, who were thus unaware of the disaster until they encountered Gallic horsemen. A group of Umbrians also attacked a Roman foraging party, who were only saved by assistance from their camp. The Etruscans, Samnites and Umbrians crossed the Apennines to advance near Sentinum (in Marche, near Sassoferrat). Their plan was was the Samnites and Senones to engage the Romans, and then wait for the Etruscans and Umbrians to capture the legionary camp during the battle. Deserters from Clusium told Fabius of the plan, and he ordered the legions in Falerii and the Vatican to march to Clusium and ravage its territory – another diversion. The lured the Etruscans away from Sentinium to defend their land.

The Battle of Sentinum saw four legions of Romans and a similar number of allies – around 40,000 men – pitched against a similar number of soldiers in the coalition opposing them. Arriving on the plains, the two armies waited two days before battle. Finally unable to contain the eagerness of the legionaries, the Romans attacked. The Senones opposed them on the right, against the Roman left under Decius, and the Samnites on the left, against Fabius on the right. One of the tricky elements of managing coalition armies into pitched battles is keeping them together through periods of inaction. Armies merely maintaining camps and providing garrisons will inevitably see desertions, and thus it is often in the commanders’ interest to accept battle swiftly in order to maintain his coalition.

Fabius fought defensively to make the battle a test of endurance for Rome’s enemies, while Decius was more aggressive and launched a cavalry charge, twice driving back the Senone horse. The second charge saw his Roman cavalry reach the Senone infantry, but they were then counter-charged by chariots and routed themselves. Decius’ line of infantry was thus broken first by the Senone chariots, and then by their soldiers. He prayed to the gods, and then launched himself into the enemy lines, essentially sacrificing himself as his troops were on the brink of routing – just as his father had done at the Battle of Vesuvius in 340 BC. His sacrifice galvanised his troops, who were joined by the reserve contingents that Fabius had sent to bolster them.

On the right, Fabius had his cavalry outflank the Samnite right to wing to attack it in the rear, emboldening his infantry to push forward. Calling in his reserves for a final push, he was able to break through the Samnites, who fled past the Senones. The Senones formed a testudo – tortoise – where the men lined up closely with shields covering both flanks and heads. Fabius had 500 Campanian lancers attack their rear, which was combined by a push from the centre of his legionary line and an attack by the rest of his cavalry. Fabius then seized the Samnite camp, and cut off any retreat for the Senones. The Battle of Sentinum was a Roman triumph, though at huge cost. Some 20,000 of their enemies lay dead on the field, though so did 8,700 of their own. The enemy coalition had been broken, but the war was far from over.

Mihai-Viteazul-Partea-1!

 1-Cuvintele sunt de prisos in legatura cu Mihai-Viteazaul !

2-Curajul,inteligenta si Capacitatea de a uni un Popor dezbinat a fost incredibila .

3-MULTUMESC MARIA TA-MIHAI VITEAZUL PENTRU PAGINA DE ISTORIE .

1-Mihai Viteazul domneste in Tara Romaneasca intre 1593-1601.

2-In Moldova 1600

3-In Transilvania 1599-1601.

4-Primul Voievod care reuseste Unirea celor-3-State-Romanesti !

        1-Tara-Romaneasca,Moldova si Transilvania .

5-Dregator-Oltean de top !

6-Tatal sau-Patrascu-Voda .

        1-Mama Tudora .

7-Preia Tronul-Tari-Romanesti cu ajutor-Turcesc .

8-Era bine vazut la curtea-Sultanului .

9-Ocupa-Tronul in 1593 si imediat incepe o schimbare radicala .

10-Pune baza pe armata .

Gaius-Marius 85-82-I-HR !-----------Partea-2!

 1-Carbo a reusit sa stranga noi trupe prin care sa tina piept lui Sulla .

2-Gaius Marius coordoneaza totul din Grecia .

3-Carbo apeleaza la Senat pentru spriijin .

    1-Cu o parte din Senatori incearca si cu amenintari .

4-Senatul il declara pe Sulla  ca fiind dusman al Romei .

5-Carbo cu cele 8 legiuni se duce in Galia-Transalpina unde isi stabileste tabara .

6-Sulla vs Mariani .

   6-Legiuni vs 8 Legiuni .

7-Sulla mai are un razboi si aici ma refer la cel cu Adrianocus -Un suport al Marianilor 

                    1-Suilla primeste o parte din legiunile acestora .

8-Adrianocus cu putine trupe-ramase se duce la Carbo in Galia-Transalpina .

9-Impreuna puteau sa tina piept legiunilor lui Sulla -care erau mult mai pregatite .

10-Carbo se intoarce la Roma !

    1-Aici face o greseala ca lasa legiunile pe mana unui General foarte slab pregatit .

Gaius-Marius 85-82-I-HR !-----------Partea-1!

 1-85-84-I-HR-Gaius-Marius il sustine pe Sina in functia de Consul .

2-Gaius-Marius impune un regim de frica in special pentru cei numiti patricieni si multi membri din Senat erau vizati .

3-Sulla il bate pe Mitridade si pornea cu legiunile sale spre Italia .

4-Sina se pregatea de razboi !

       1-Incepe regruparea legiunilor fidele .

5-Gaius Marius se afla in Grecia unde strange trupe .

6-Sina strange 6 legiuni dar 3 din ele dezerteaza si se aliaza cu Sulla .

7-Revolta era in plina desfasurare si aici ma refer la legiunile lui Sina .

8-Sina este ucis in 84-I-HR .

9-Carbo este numit de Marius ca  noul lider in Italia pana la victoria acestora.

10-Carbo era un dusman clar al lui Sulla .

LA MULTI ANI ROMA PARTEA-3!

 1-Acest articol este copiat !

2-Istoria ramane pasiunea mea nr-1!

“That day broke, for the first time, the power of the Etruscans after their long-continued and abundant prosperity.”

The string of recent Roman victories seemed to be bringing the war to its conclusion in 312 BC, until news was heard that the Etruscans – more feared than the Samnites – were mobilising against Rome. As the Consul Valerius Maximus Corvus was in Samnium, his sickly colleague Publius Decius Mus appointed Gaius Sulpicius Longus as dictator to prepare for war. The following year saw Consul Gaius Junius Bubulcus head to Samnium, while his colleague Quintus Aemilius Barbula marched for Etruria. The reinvigorated Samnites captured the town of Cluviae, scourging its prisoners, though Junius recaptured the town before sacking Bovianum.

The Samnites sought to ambush the Romans, and spread misinformation that there was a large flock of sheep in an inaccessible mountain meadow. Junius was ambushed on the march there, though fought through and formed up on level ground at the top, routing the Samnites. The dense woodland blocked their escape, and most of their soldiers were cut down. The Etruscans besieged Sutrium, so Aemilius marched to the town’s relief. There’s was a great battle the next day, and the Romans were starting to gain the upper hand when darkness fell. The heavy Etruscan losses deterred them from offering further battle that year, though the legions had suffered heavy losses too.

310 BC saw the Consul Quintus Fabius Maximus Rulianus go to Sutrium with reinforcements, where he was checked by a larger force of Etruscans. The Etruscans charged in haste, discarding their javelins as they were keen to press their advantage of numbers. The Romans pelted them with javelins and stones, unsettling the Etruscans, whose line wavered. This allowed a Roman charge, which broke them. Their attempt at an orderly retreat was prevented by the encircling Roman cavalry, and they thus made for the mountains rather than their camp. From there they went to the impassable Ciminian Forest, which the Romans were so scared of that none of them had ever crossed it. In an age where myths, gods and omens were taken for granted as real, the concept of a “forbidden forest” or “haunted wood” would have held genuine peril, with few being detached enough to entirely vanquish such irrational fears. One man that did was Marcus Fabius, brother of the Consul, who spoke Etruscan and ventured to explore the forest disguised as a shepherd. He reached Camerinum in Umbria, where the locals supplied the Romans. Fabius passed through the forest and ravaged an area around the Cimian Mountains, which enraged the Etruscans. They gathered their largest army yet, and marched on Sutrium.

The Etruscans advanced on the Roman rampart, but were forced to wait by their enemy’ refusal to engage. Fabius told his outnumbered legionaries that he had a secret weapon, that the Etruscans would be betrayed. At dawn his Romans marched out while it was still dark, attacking the sleeping Etruscans and routing them. Again the culture at the time of believing in superstition, beasts and gods would have made a night attack truly terrifying. Being awoken before it is fully light by the screams of your comrades and the clash of steel, many would assume that it was not men attacking them, and officers would have to remain calm themselves and move swiftly to reassure and organise the men. In this case they failed to do so, and the terrified Etruscans fled their camp for the hills and the forest. The Etruscan cities of Perusia, Cortona and Arretium (Etrusca was a coalition of settlements rather than a centralised state) sued for peace, and agreed a 30-year truce with Rome.

Elsewhere, the Consul Marcius captured Allifae in Campania, and destroyed a number of forts and villages. The fledgling Roman fleet made for Pompeii in Campania, pillaging the territory of Nuceria. The greedy sailors ventured too far inland, and found themselves set upon by furious farmers who killed many of them. The Samnites heard that the Etruscans were besieging the Romans, so moved to attack Marcius. They agreed that if the Romans avoided battle, they would march to Etruria through the lands of the Marsi and Sabines to unite their armies against Rome. Marcisu did confront the Samnite host in a bloody but indecisive battle, in which he was wounded and lost several officers.

Lucius Papirus Cursor was appointed dictator, though Quintus Fabius rejected the oligarchs’ decision due to a personal grudge. A delegation was sent to persuade him to obedience, and Fabius reluctantly handed his legions over to Papirus. The dictator relieved Marcius of command at Longula, then marched forth to meet the Samnites. When he found their army, both lined up but did not offer battle on the first day. Elsewhere, a fresh Etruscan army had been raised under oath to fight to the death, and engulfed the Romans at the Battle of Lake Vadimo. The drawn out battle saw both sides commit their reserves, but by afternoon all troops had been committed to the fray. The Roman cavalry dismounted to join the legionaries on foot, and the extra weight of these fresh troops managed to break the Etruscans, who army was annihilated by day’s end. Roman military power in the area was now assured, with Livy commenting: “That day broke, for the first time, the power of the Etruscans after their long-continued and abundant prosperity.”

Papirus won a huge battle against the Samnites in 309 BC, adding to Rome’s impressive string of victories, celebrating a huge triumph. The Etruscans broke their truce, though their ad hoc force was crushed by Fabius near Perusia, leading to the city’s surrender and his re-election as Consul alongside Decius Mus. 308 BC saw Fabius take on Samnium, refusing peace offers from Nuceria Alfaterna and besieging it into surrender. He routed a combined Samnite and Marsi army, and then crushed the Paeligni. Decius obtained a 40-year truce in Etruria, taking corn from Tarquinii and seizing strongholds of the Volsinii. He agreed only a one-year truce when the remaining Etruscan cities sued for peace, ordering the coalition to give each Roman legionary a year’s pay and two tunics. An Umbrian revolt looked to bypass Decius and march on Rome, though the Consul ordered forced marches and coordinated with Fabius to surround them, Some attacked Fabius’ camp, and were routed, while most fled before battle back to cities which swiftly declared their exit from the war. The rest of Umbria capitulated within days, and Rome looked poised to complete her victory in the war.

LA MULTI ANI ROMA-PARTEA 2!

 1-Acest articol este copiat !

2-Istoria ramane pasiunea mea nr-1!

El 21 de Abril del 753 A.C ; nacía la ciudad más importante de todos los tiempos; en su momento dueña de un poderoso imperio; protegida por sus legiones; que pasó es cierto por muchos periodos; el de sus siete Reyes históricos; la República; luego el Imperio hasta su decadencia y su caída final en 1453 con la caída del imperio Romano de Oriente (Contantinopla); sin embargo su legado persiste hasta hoy tanto el derecho Romano; sus aportes a la medicina con Galeno; a la Filosofía con Séneca, ni que hablar su arte donde rescató la cultura helenística y su imponente arquitectura e ingeniería que nos permiten hoy ver parte de su gloria; es verdad que Roma no se hizo en un día; pero si que todos los caminos conducen a Roma...

LA MULTI ANI ROMA-PARTEA-1!

 1-Acest articol este copiat !

2-Istoria ramane pasiunea mea nr-1!

“Because the leaders were not present when the attack was made, there was no limit to the slaughter, and the Ausonian nation was wiped out.”

After Nerulum was taken, the Roman dictator Lucius Aemilius besieged Saticula as the Second Samite War resumed in earnest in 316 BC. A large Samnite army nearby made a sortie, but Aemilius drove them back into the town and then attacked the relief army, who retreated to their camp and then fled at night. The Samnites instead moved to besiege the Roman allied town of Plistica. The following year saw the dictator Quintus Fabius Maximus Rulianus assume control of the siege of Saticula, while the Samnites raised fresh troops to try and divert the legions and lift the siege. While Fabius concentrated on the city, his Master of Horse (deputy) Quintus Aulius Cerretanus attacked the Samnites, killing their commander. The Samnites managed to size Plistica, while the Romans transferred their troops from Apulia and Samnium to attack Sora, a Roman colony in Latium which had defected to the Samnites, executing the colonists in the betrayal. Hearing that a Samnite army was approaching, the legions made to intercept them.

The Battle of Lautulae saw freshly recruited Roman levies pitted against Samnite veterans in a complete mismatch. The Romans were swiftly routed, with only Cerretanus remaining on the field to choose death in battle. The Roman territory was now split, with the south inhabited by Samnites who persuaded the citizens there to renounce their ties to Rome. The northern half had citizens with full rights, though facing increasing Samnite encroachment. Fabius and the Senate looked to defend any approach to the Eternal City, and though they were successful, their fortifications weakened Roman forces in the Liris Valley. This allowed the Samnites to cross the river and capture Sore. The Samnites could now break Roman lines of communication with Apulia, further isolating the sons of Aeneas.

Despite the defat, a second major shock following Caudine Forks, the Romans were adept at adapting. They had learnt to use round shields from the Etruscans, and siege craft from the Greeks, and now would refine their maniple system to confront the Samnites. Lautulae marked the zenith of Samnite power, and the turning point after which Rome would begin the long march to victory. Fabius led a fresh army to confront the Samnites, who concealed his army to launch an ambush, burning his own camp to show his men there could be no retreat. His questionable tactics worked, and he managed to throw the Samnites into disarray.

The Counsuls for 314 BC, Marcus Poetelius and Gaius Sulpicius, took fresh troops to Sora. The city was almost impregnable, but a deserter offered his support. Moving their camp close to the city, the next night saw the traitor lead ten men on an almost impassable steep path near the citadel. When dawn broke, he wailed that the Romans had taken the city – seemingly evidenced by those ten on the walls – and the panicked citizens threw open the gates to flee. The conspirators who had handed the city to the Samnites were executed in Rome, and a garrison was placed in Sore.

The Samnite victory at Lautulae had led to the Ausoni towns – Ausona and Minturnae, north of the Liris, and Vesica, across the river in Campania – had defected to Samnium. Some disillusioned young nobles offered to betray them to Rome, and detachments were duly sent to the towns. Livy stated that: “Because the leaders were not present when the attack was made, there was no limit to the slaughter, and the Ausonian nation was wiped out.” The same year saw Luceria betray its Roman garrison, though a nearby legion seized the city. Many senators wanted to raze the hostile and distant city, though a motion carried to send 2,500 colonists there to repopulate it following the sack.

A conspiracy was discovered to betray Capua, and the Samnites moved to support a rebellion in the key Campanian city. The Consuls Marcus Poetelius Libo and Gaius Sulpicius Longa moved to check them, and the right wing under Poetelius routed the Samnite left. An overconfident Sulpicius left his left wing to join his colleague, and his troops came close to defeat. His return spurned them to victory, and the Samnites fled to Maleventum. The tow Consuls next besieged Bovianum, the capital of the largest Samnite tribe of Pentri, and wintered there. The dictator Gaius Poetelius Libo Visolus replaced them in 313 BC, placing a garrison there before marching on Nola (Naples). Setting fire to buildings near the walls, Libo used the chaos and confusion caused by the flames and smoke to capture the city. Colonies were established at the Volscian island of Pontiae, the town of Interamna Sucasina, and Sussa Aurunca. Rome was now in the ascendancy, with the tide in the war having turned in their favour.