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 November 26th - Formation of the second Triumvirate of Octavian, Mark Anthony and Lepidus in 43 BC

Today in 43 BC saw the formation of the second triumvirate of Octavian (later Caesar Augustus), Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, and Mark Antony with the enactment of the "Lex Titia," the adoption of which by the senate being viewed as marking the end of the Roman Republic.

The Triumvirate existed for two five-year terms, covering the period 43 BC to 33 BC. Unlike the earlier First Triumvirate of Julius Ceasea, Marcus Crassu, and Pompey the Great, it was an official, legally established institution, whose overwhelming power in the Roman state was given full legal sanction and whose imperium maius outranked that of all other magistrates, including the consuls.

The "triumviri rei publicae constituendae" ("board of three to reconstitute the state") accepted the powers of a dictator and took several measures, including the execution of 4,700 opponents (including the orator Cicero), land bills to give farms to Caesar's veterans (the inhabitants of eighteen cities were sent away from their homes without any compensation), and war against Julius Caesar's murderers, who were defeated at Philippi.

Finally, measures against the Senate, includied the appointment of all magistrates.

Those opposed to the regime found refuge at Sicily, where a son of Pompey the Great, Sextus, organized resistance. In 36, he was defeated in a naval battle by Lepidus and Octavian (and Octavian's admiral Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa), Following the defeat of this threat, Octavian took the opportunity to to strip Lepidus of his most of his powers.

Marc Antony, who was in charge of the east and had fallen in love with Cleopatra, was defeated in 31 in the naval battle of Actium. From then on, Octavian was sole ruler; from 27 on, he called himself Augustus